---
title: "Transform references to MLA/APA (Perkin, Hall)"
subject: "Communication English"
chapter: 4
key: "semester_5/communication_english:transform-bibliographic-reference-perkin-hall"
source: https://www.bctengineer.com/q/semester_5/communication_english/transform-bibliographic-reference-perkin-hall
site: BCT Engineering
---

# Transform references to MLA/APA (Perkin, Hall)

Communication English · Chapter 4: Introduction to technical writing process

- Asked in: 2070 Ashad, 4 marks
- Video: [Citation Basics (MLA, APA & Chicago)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uOdFjgielKE) — TutorialSmith
- Answer checked by Claude Opus 5.5 (high effort) on 2026-10-14
- Page: https://www.bctengineer.com/q/semester_5/communication_english/transform-bibliographic-reference-perkin-hall
- Whole chapter: https://www.bctengineer.com/md/semester_5/communication_english/chapter-4

## Question

Transform the following bibliographic reference as indicated in the brackets.
a) Perkin, H.C. (1975). Air pollution. Mc Graw Hill: New Delhi. (into MLA)
b) Hall, Dauglas. (1989). Digital Circuits and Systems. Macmillan: Newyork. (into MLA)
c) Lawrence, T.E. Revolt in the Desert. New York: George H. Dorian, 1927 (into APA)
d) Nadell, Judith, et al. The Macmillan Writer. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1997. (into APA)

## Answer

#### a) Into MLA
Perkin, H. C. *Air Pollution*. McGraw Hill, 1975.

#### b) Into MLA
Hall, Douglas. *Digital Circuits and Systems*. Macmillan, 1989.

#### c) Into APA
Lawrence, T. E. (1927). *Revolt in the desert*. George H. Dorian.

#### d) Into APA
Nadell, J., McMeniman, L., & Langan, J. (1997). *The Macmillan writer*. Allyn & Bacon.

**Notes:**
- The place of publication (New Delhi, New York, Boston) is omitted in both styles. The publisher's name in (c) is written as given in the question.
- In (d) APA does not allow "et al." in the reference list for a work with up to 20 authors, so all the authors are written, surname first with initials, with "&" before the last. The co-authors of *The Macmillan Writer* are Linda McMeniman and John Langan; always copy the names in the order printed on the book's title page. Only MLA keeps the short form "Nadell, Judith, et al."

## Check yourself

The answer's key points as multiple-choice questions, with the correct option and why.

1. What happens to 'New Delhi' and 'New York' in the conversions?
   A. They are placed before the publisher
   B. They are placed after the year
   C. They are omitted
   D. They are placed in brackets
   Answer: C. Current MLA and APA do not include place of publication. (Key point: Place omitted)

2. Why can't 'et al.' be used in the APA reference list for Nadell's book?
   A. APA bans co-authors
   B. Because books have one author
   C. APA uses only the first two letters
   D. APA requires all authors to be written (up to 20)
   Answer: D. APA 7 lists all authors up to 20. (Key point: Et al. in APA)

3. What may MLA keep when the other authors are not known?
   A. Nadell, Judith, et al.
   B. Nadell only
   C. Nadell and others in brackets
   D. Judith N.
   Answer: A. MLA uses the first author followed by et al. (Key point: MLA et al.)

## Related in Communication English

- [Transform APA references to MLA (Perkin, Morgan, Slabough)](https://www.bctengineer.com/question.md?key=semester_5%2Fcommunication_english%3Atransform-apa-to-mla-perkin-hall-morgan) — Communication English, chapter 4
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