--- title: "Encode 10101111000011 with NRZ, RZ, AMI, Manchester" subject: "Data Communication" chapter: 5 key: "semester_5/data_communication:line-coding-10101111000011" source: https://www.bctengineer.com/q/semester_5/data_communication/line-coding-10101111000011 site: BCT Engineering --- # Encode 10101111000011 with NRZ, RZ, AMI, Manchester Data Communication · Chapter 5: Data Encoding and Modulation - Asked in: 2071 Shrawan, 4 marks - Video: [Line Coding Techniques | RZ, NRZ, Unipolar, Polar, Bipolar & Manchester | Digital Communication](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=daf9F9NC7zQ) — Engineering Funda - Answer checked by Claude Sonnet 5.5 on 2026-10-14 - Page: https://www.bctengineer.com/q/semester_5/data_communication/line-coding-10101111000011 - Whole chapter: https://www.bctengineer.com/md/semester_5/data_communication/chapter-5 ## Question Encode the bitstream 10101111000011 using NRZ, RZ, AMI and Manchester coding. ## Short answer NRZ (polar): 1=+V, 0=-V. RZ: 1=+V half-bit, 0=-V half-bit returning to zero. Manchester: 1=low-to-high mid-bit transition, 0=high-to-low. AMI: 0=0V, 1s alternate ±V: +0-0+-+-0000+-. ## Answer Bit stream: 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 (14 bits, drawn in two rows). NRZ is drawn as polar NRZ-L and RZ as polar RZ. **Conventions used** (state these in the exam, as books differ): level before the first bit is low (-V); NRZ-L/RZ: 1 = +V, 0 = -V (unipolar: 0 = 0 V); NRZ-I: a 1 toggles the level at the start of the bit, a 0 keeps it; RZ: the pulse returns to zero in the middle of the bit; Manchester: 1 = low-to-high and 0 = high-to-low transition at mid-bit; differential Manchester: always a mid-bit transition, an extra transition at the start of the bit for a 0 and none for a 1; AMI: 0 = 0 V, 1s alternate +V and -V starting with +V. #### NRZ-L ```text 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 +V ----| |---| |----------- 0 | | | | -V |---| |---| 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 +V ----| |------- 0 | | -V |---------------| ``` #### RZ ```text 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 +V --| |-| |-| |-| |-| 0 |-| |-| |-| |-| |-| |-| |- -V |-| |-| 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 +V |-| |-| |-| 0 | |-| |-| |-| |-| |-| |-| |- -V |-| |-| |-| |-| ``` #### AMI ```text 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 +V ----| |---| |--- 0 |---| |---| | | -V |---| |---| 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 +V | |---| 0 | |---------------| | -V |---| |--- ``` #### Manchester ```text 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 +V |---| |---| |-| |-| |- 0 | | | | | | | | | -V --| |---| |---| |-| |-| 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 +V | |---| |-| |-| |-| |-| |- 0 | | | | | | | | | | | | -V |-| |-| |-| |-| |---| |-| ``` (For unipolar NRZ, draw the 0s at 0 V instead of -V.) AMI pulses: + 0 - 0 + - + - 0 0 0 0 + -. ## Check yourself The answer's key points as multiple-choice questions, with the correct option and why. 1. For 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1, the AMI pulses end with 0 0 0 0 then two 1s. What are those last two pulses? A. + and - B. - and + C. + and + D. - and - Answer: A. The eight 1s alternate + - + - + - + -, so the 7th and 8th 1s (the last two) are + and -, as in the answer's pulse list. (Key point: AMI pulses) 2. Why does Manchester coding show a transition even for a long run of 0s? A. Because it has a mid-bit transition in every bit B. Because 0s are sent at 0 V C. Because 0s toggle the level at bit start D. Because the polarity alternates every 0 Answer: A. Manchester always transitions mid-bit (0 = high-to-low), which gives the receiver a clock. (Key point: Manchester on repeated bits) 3. How is the 'NRZ' waveform drawn in this answer? A. Polar NRZ-L, 1 = +V and 0 = -V B. Bipolar with alternating 1s C. Unipolar RZ D. NRZ-I with toggling on 0 Answer: A. The answer states NRZ is drawn as polar NRZ-L; for unipolar, the 0s would be at 0 V. (Key point: NRZ drawn as polar NRZ-L) ## Related in Data Communication - [Encode 1101001 with polar NRZ, AMI, Manchester](https://www.bctengineer.com/question.md?key=semester_5%2Fdata_communication%3Aline-coding-1101001) — Data Communication, chapter 5, asked 3× - [Encode 10010110001 with NRZ-L, NRZ-I, diff. Manchester](https://www.bctengineer.com/question.md?key=semester_5%2Fdata_communication%3Aline-coding-10010110001) — Data Communication, chapter 5 - [Line coding: polar RZ and bipolar AMI](https://www.bctengineer.com/question.md?key=semester_5%2Fdata_communication%3Aline-coding-polar-rz-ami) — Data Communication, chapter 5 - [Line coding: properties; encode 01001100011](https://www.bctengineer.com/question.md?key=semester_5%2Fdata_communication%3Aline-coding-01001100011) — Data Communication, chapter 5 - [Polar, unipolar, bipolar, Manchester; encode 101000111011](https://www.bctengineer.com/question.md?key=semester_5%2Fdata_communication%3Aline-coding-101000111011) — Data Communication, chapter 5 - [AMI and Manchester for 011010001](https://www.bctengineer.com/question.md?key=semester_5%2Fdata_communication%3Aline-coding-011010001) — Data Communication, chapter 5 ## Related in other subjects - [Line coding 1011001010 (polar NRZ, polar RZ, Manchester, AMI)](https://www.bctengineer.com/question.md?key=semester_6%2Fcommunication_systems%3Aline-codes-1011001010) — Communication Systems, chapter 6, asked 8× - [Line coding 1001001101 (polar NRZ, polar RZ, Manchester, AMI)](https://www.bctengineer.com/question.md?key=semester_6%2Fcommunication_systems%3Aline-codes-1001001101) — Communication Systems, chapter 6, asked 8× - [Line coding 1001101101 (unipolar NRZ, polar RZ, AMI, Manchester)](https://www.bctengineer.com/question.md?key=semester_6%2Fcommunication_systems%3Aline-codes-1001101101) — Communication Systems, chapter 6, asked 8× - [Line coding 1101010111 (polar NRZ, polar RZ, Manchester, AMI)](https://www.bctengineer.com/question.md?key=semester_6%2Fcommunication_systems%3Aline-codes-1101010111-polar-ami) — Communication Systems, chapter 6, asked 8×