--- title: "Encode 10110001110 with five line codes" subject: "Data Communication" chapter: 5 key: "semester_5/data_communication:line-coding-10110001110" source: https://www.bctengineer.com/q/semester_5/data_communication/line-coding-10110001110 site: BCT Engineering --- # Encode 10110001110 with five line codes Data Communication · Chapter 5: Data Encoding and Modulation - Asked in: 2072 Chaitra, 10 marks - Video: [Line Coding Techniques | RZ, NRZ, Unipolar, Polar, Bipolar & Manchester | Digital Communication](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=daf9F9NC7zQ) — Engineering Funda - Answer checked by Claude Sonnet 5.5 on 2026-10-14 - Page: https://www.bctengineer.com/q/semester_5/data_communication/line-coding-10110001110 - Whole chapter: https://www.bctengineer.com/md/semester_5/data_communication/chapter-5 ## Question Encode the bit stream 10110001110 using the following scheme: a) RZ b) NRZ-I c) NRZ-L d) AMI e) Manchester ## Short answer RZ: 1=+V half-bit pulse returning to zero, 0=-V half-bit. NRZ-I: toggle at start of each 1, initial low gives high-low-high... NRZ-L: 1=+V, 0=-V. AMI: 1s alternate ±V starting +V, 0=0V; stream yields +0-+000-+-0. Manchester: 1=low-to-high mid-bit transition, 0=high-to-low. ## Answer Bit stream: 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 **Conventions used** (state these in the exam, as books differ): level before the first bit is low (-V); NRZ-L/RZ: 1 = +V, 0 = -V (unipolar: 0 = 0 V); NRZ-I: a 1 toggles the level at the start of the bit, a 0 keeps it; RZ: the pulse returns to zero in the middle of the bit; Manchester: 1 = low-to-high and 0 = high-to-low transition at mid-bit; differential Manchester: always a mid-bit transition, an extra transition at the start of the bit for a 0 and none for a 1; AMI: 0 = 0 V, 1s alternate +V and -V starting with +V. #### RZ ```text 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 +V --| |-| |-| |-| |-| |-| 0 |-| |-| |-| |-| |-| |-| |-| |-| |-| |-| |- -V |-| |-| |-| |-| |-| ``` #### NRZ-I ```text 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 +V --------| |---------------| |---| 0 | | | | | -V |---| |---| |------- ``` #### NRZ-L ```text 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 +V ----| |-------| |-----------| 0 | | | | | -V |---| |-----------| |--- ``` #### AMI ```text 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 +V ----| |---| |---| 0 |---| | |-----------| | | |--- -V |---| |---| |---| ``` #### Manchester ```text 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 +V |---| |-| |---| |-| |-| |-| |-| |---| 0 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | -V --| |---| |-| |-| |-| |---| |-| |-| |- ``` AMI pulses: + 0 - + 0 0 0 - + - 0. ## Check yourself The answer's key points as multiple-choice questions, with the correct option and why. 1. In the Manchester convention used here, how is a 1 represented? A. High-to-low transition at mid-bit B. Low-to-high transition at mid-bit C. A transition at the start of the bit only D. +V for the whole bit Answer: B. Here 1 is a low-to-high mid-bit transition and 0 is high-to-low. (Key point: Manchester rule) 2. For 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0, what is the AMI pulse sequence? A. + 0 + + 0 0 0 + + + 0 B. + 0 - + 0 0 0 - + - 0 C. + - + - 0 0 0 + - + 0 D. + 0 - + 0 0 0 + - + 0 Answer: B. The 1s alternate + - + - + - in order of occurrence, with 0s at 0 V. (Key point: AMI pulses) 3. In NRZ-I, what happens during a run of 0s such as 0 0 0? A. The level toggles every bit B. The level goes to 0 V C. The level stays unchanged D. The level alternates +V, -V at mid-bit Answer: C. A 0 keeps the previous level, so the line stays flat during a run of 0s. (Key point: NRZ-I behaviour) 4. How does NRZ-L depend on the data? A. Level depends only on the present bit value (1 = +V, 0 = -V) B. Level depends on the previous level C. A 1 toggles the level D. Each bit has a mid-bit transition Answer: A. NRZ-L simply maps each bit to a fixed level, so there is no memory of earlier bits. (Key point: NRZ-L rule) ## Related in Data Communication - [Encode 10101111000011 with NRZ, RZ, AMI, Manchester](https://www.bctengineer.com/question.md?key=semester_5%2Fdata_communication%3Aline-coding-10101111000011) — Data Communication, chapter 5 - [Encode 1101001 with polar NRZ, AMI, Manchester](https://www.bctengineer.com/question.md?key=semester_5%2Fdata_communication%3Aline-coding-1101001) — Data Communication, chapter 5, asked 3× - [Encode 10110001110 with unipolar, polar, bipolar codes](https://www.bctengineer.com/question.md?key=semester_5%2Fdata_communication%3Aline-coding-10110001110-68c) — Data Communication, chapter 5, asked 3× - [Encode 1010011001 with five line codes](https://www.bctengineer.com/question.md?key=semester_5%2Fdata_communication%3Aline-coding-1010011001) — Data Communication, chapter 5 - [Encode 10010110001 with NRZ-L, NRZ-I, diff. 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