--- title: "Parking importance, illegal parking, on/off-street types" subject: "Transportation Engineering II" chapter: 1 key: "semester_7/transportation_engineering_ii:parking-importance-illegal-onstreet-offstreet" source: https://www.bctengineer.com/q/semester_7/transportation_engineering_ii/parking-importance-illegal-onstreet-offstreet site: BCT Engineering --- # Parking importance, illegal parking, on/off-street types Transportation Engineering II · Chapter 1: Traffic Engineering - Asked in: 2076 Asoj, 8 marks - Answer checked by Claude Opus 5.5 (high effort) on 2026-10-14 - Page: https://www.bctengineer.com/q/semester_7/transportation_engineering_ii/parking-importance-illegal-onstreet-offstreet - Whole chapter: https://www.bctengineer.com/md/semester_7/transportation_engineering_ii/chapter-1 ## Question List out the importance of parking and ill effect of illegal parking. Explain about different types of On-Street and Off-street parking facilities with their pros and cons. ## Short answer Parking supports urban vitality and traffic order; illegal parking cuts road capacity, causes congestion, crashes, blocks emergency access, and harms the environment. On-street parking (parallel, angled) is low-cost but reduces traffic capacity; off-street facilities (surface, multi‑storey, underground) provide larger, secure capacity at higher land and construction cost. ## Answer #### Importance of parking - Vehicles spend most of their life parked, so the city must provide space for them; the supply of parking affects the economic life of the central area and the use of public transport. - Planned parking keeps the carriageway free for moving traffic; a lack of parking space forces vehicles onto the road. - Parking studies give the demand (accumulation, duration, turnover) needed to plan the size, location, fees and regulation of parking. #### Ill effects of illegal parking - It **reduces road capacity** by occupying the kerb lane, and it blocks the view of drivers and pedestrians. - It **causes congestion and delay**, especially at intersections, bus stops and narrow streets. - It **raises crash risk**: parked vehicles hide pedestrians, doors open into traffic, and vehicles pulling out cut across traffic. - It **blocks emergency vehicles** (fire, ambulance) and service access. - It **harms the environment** (extra emissions and noise from drivers cruising for a space) and spoils the appearance of the street and footpath. - It **blocks footpaths**, forcing pedestrians into the carriageway. #### On-street and off-street parking facilities **A. On-street parking** (vehicles park along the kerb): | Type | Arrangement | Remarks | |---|---|---| | Parallel | Vehicles parked along the kerb, bay about 5.0-5.5 m x 2.0-2.5 m | Least road width needed, safest, but fewest cars per length | | 30 degree angle | Front end towards the kerb | Moderate capacity, easy entry | | 45 degree angle | Front in or back in | Good capacity, easy to park | | 60 degree angle | Front in | High capacity, needs wider bay | | 90 degree (right angle) | Perpendicular to the kerb | Most vehicles per length, most road width, high risk to through traffic | ```text Parallel 45 degree 90 degree ______________ \ \ \ \ \ | | | | | | [car] [car] [car] \_\_\_\_\_ |_|_|_|_|_| ========= kerb ===== kerb ===== kerb ``` **B. Off-street parking:** - **Surface parking lots:** open areas near markets or terminals; low cost, but need land. - **Multi-storey (multi-level) parking:** several floors; best use of costly land, high construction cost; ramp or mechanical access. - **Underground parking:** below buildings or public squares; keeps the surface free, but is expensive. - **Mechanical or automated parking:** lifts and stackers, used where land is very scarce. - **Park-and-ride facilities:** at city edges, linked to public transport. Nepal practice: on-street parking is regulated by the Metropolitan/Municipal offices and Traffic Police (parallel parking on one side, paid parking zones), and off-street parking is required in new buildings by the Nepal National Building Code (NBC 206 / municipal building bye-laws). #### Pros and cons | Aspect | On-street | Off-street | |---|---|---| | Location | On the carriageway edge | In lots, garages, basements | | Cost | Very low (markings, signs, meters) | High (land, construction, staff) | | Convenience | Very close to the destination | Slightly further to walk | | Effect on traffic | Reduces road capacity and safety | No effect on road capacity | | Capacity | Small | Large, especially multi-level | | Safety and security | Lower; risk of theft/damage | Better supervision and security | | Control | Hard; often illegal parking | Easy; gates, tickets, fees | | Pedestrian effect | Obstructs footpath | Protects footpath | ## Check yourself The answer's key points as multiple-choice questions, with the correct option and why. 1. How does illegal parking mainly harm traffic flow? A. It increases road capacity B. It takes the kerb lane, reducing capacity and causing congestion C. It lowers pedestrian crossings D. It improves visibility Answer: B. Parked vehicles occupy the kerb lane, reduce capacity, and cause congestion and delay. (Key point: Illegal parking effect on capacity) 2. What is true of parallel on-street parking? A. Most vehicles per length B. Least road width needed and safest, but fewest cars per length C. Needs widest bay D. Highest risk to through traffic Answer: B. Parallel parking needs least road width and is safest but accommodates fewest cars. (Key point: Parallel parking) 3. Which angle gives the most vehicles per length but most road width and risk? A. Parallel B. 30 degree C. 45 degree D. 90 degree Answer: D. Right-angle parking packs the most cars per length but needs the most width and is risky for through traffic. (Key point: 90 degree parking) 4. Which is an advantage of off-street over on-street parking? A. Lower cost B. No effect on road capacity, better security and easier control C. Closer to the destination D. Needs no land Answer: B. Off-street parking does not reduce road capacity and is safer and easier to control, but costs more. (Key point: On-street vs off-street) ## Related in Transportation Engineering II - [On-street vs off-street parking; kerb parking geometry](https://www.bctengineer.com/question.md?key=semester_7%2Ftransportation_engineering_ii%3Aparking-onstreet-offstreet-comparison-geometry) — Transportation Engineering II, chapter 1 - [Street light spacing method and parking types](https://www.bctengineer.com/question.md?key=semester_7%2Ftransportation_engineering_ii%3Astreet-light-spacing-parking-types) — Transportation Engineering II, chapter 1 - [Intersection types; grade separation pros and cons](https://www.bctengineer.com/question.md?key=semester_7%2Ftransportation_engineering_ii%3Aintersection-types-grade-separated-advantages) — Transportation Engineering II, chapter 1 ## Related in other subjects - [Distribution layouts, pros/cons, improvements](https://www.bctengineer.com/question.md?key=semester_5%2Fwater_supply_engineering%3Adistribution-layouts-improvements) — Water Supply Engineering, chapter 7, asked 4× - [Phase shift method of SSB generation: pros and cons](https://www.bctengineer.com/question.md?key=semester_6%2Fcommunication_systems%3Assb-phase-shift-pros-cons) — Communication Systems, chapter 2, asked 2× - [Collective intelligence pros and cons](https://www.bctengineer.com/question.md?key=semester_8%2Finformation_system%3Acollective-intelligence-pros-cons) — Information System, chapter 4 - [Brushless excitation pros and cons](https://www.bctengineer.com/question.md?key=semester_8%2Fpower_plant_design%3Abrushless-pros-cons) — Power Plant Design, chapter 4