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Block diagram reduction with feedforward and H1, H2

Short answer

C(s)/R(s) = G2 G3 (1+G1) / (1 + G3 + G2 H1 + G1 G2 G3 H2 + G2 G3 H2).

From the given block diagram, find the transfer ratio C(s)/R(s) using block diagram reduction technique. [Figure: R(s) → summing point S1 (+, −) → node A → G1 → summing point S2 (+) → G2 → summing point S3 (+, −) → node B → G3 → C(s). Feedforward from node A to S2 (+). H1 from node B fed back to S2 (−). Unity feedback from C(s) to S3 (−). H2 from C(s) fed back to S1 (−).]

Name the signals: A=R−H2CA = R - H_2C (output of S1S_1), XX = output of S2S_2, BB = output of S3S_3, C=G3BC = G_3B. Then X=G1A+A−H1BX = G_1A + A - H_1B and B=G2X−CB = G_2X - C.

Step 1: Combine G1G_1 and the feedforward path

G1G_1 and the unity feedforward from AA are in parallel into S2S_2:

Ga=1+G1G_a = 1 + G_1

Step 2: Move the H1H_1 take-off point from BB to CC

Since B=C/G3B = C/G_3, the feedback block becomes H1G3\dfrac{H_1}{G_3}, taken from CC.

Step 3: Reduce the unity loop around G3G_3

G3G_3 with unity negative feedback to S3S_3:

CG2X=G31+G3\frac{C}{G_2X} = \frac{G_3}{1 + G_3}

So from XX to CC: Gb=G2G31+G3G_b = \dfrac{G_2G_3}{1 + G_3}.

Step 4: Reduce the H1/G3H_1/G_3 loop

CX′=Gb1+GbH1G3=G2G31+G31+G2H11+G3=G2G31+G3+G2H1\frac{C}{X'} = \frac{G_b}{1 + G_b\frac{H_1}{G_3}} = \frac{\frac{G_2G_3}{1+G_3}}{1 + \frac{G_2H_1}{1+G_3}} = \frac{G_2G_3}{1 + G_3 + G_2H_1}

(here X′X' is the signal (1+G1)A(1 + G_1)A entering S2S_2)

Step 5: Series with (1+G1)(1 + G_1) and close the H2H_2 loop

Forward path: Gf=(1+G1)G2G31+G3+G2H1G_f = \dfrac{(1 + G_1)G_2G_3}{1 + G_3 + G_2H_1}, feedback H2H_2:

CR=Gf1+GfH2\frac{C}{R} = \frac{G_f}{1 + G_fH_2}
 R +    ┌──────────────────────────┐
 ──►(Σ)─►│ (1+G1)G2G3/(1+G3+G2H1) ├──┬──► C
    ▲ -  └──────────────────────────┘  │
    │            ┌────┐                │
    └────────────┤ H2 │◄───────────────┘
                 └────┘

Answer:

C(s)R(s)=G2G3(1+G1)1+G3+G2H1+G1G2G3H2+G2G3H2\frac{C(s)}{R(s)} = \frac{G_2G_3(1 + G_1)}{1 + G_3 + G_2H_1 + G_1G_2G_3H_2 + G_2G_3H_2}

Check by Mason's rule

Forward paths: P1=G1G2G3P_1 = G_1G_2G_3, P2=G2G3P_2 = G_2G_3 (via feedforward). Loops: −G3-G_3, −G2H1-G_2H_1, −G1G2G3H2-G_1G_2G_3H_2, −G2G3H2-G_2G_3H_2. All loops touch each other and both paths (Δ1=Δ2=1\Delta_1 = \Delta_2 = 1), giving the same answer.

✓ Answer checked by Claude Opus 5.5 (high effort)

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