Geomorphology in searching construction materials

Geomorphology is the study of landforms and the processes shaping them. Because each landform has a typical material, it directs the search for construction materials.

Major applications

1. River deposits: active channels, bars and floodplains give sand and gravel; river terraces give thick, dry, well-graded sand, gravel and boulders above flood level, suitable for exploitation.
2. Alluvial fans and debris cones: coarse material (boulders, cobbles) at the mouths of tributaries.
3. Glacial and periglacial landforms: moraines and outwash plains in high Himalaya give mixed boulders and gravel.
4. Colluvial and talus slopes: angular rock fragments at the foot of cliffs for rip-rap and rock fill, but variable in quality.
5. Hill ridges, scarps and outcrops: show rock exposed at surface with little overburden, ideal for quarries; the slope and relief indicate quarry bench design.
6. Weathering mantle and residual soil: thick residual soil gives clay and earth fill; fresh rock is shallow where erosion has been strong.
7. Drainage pattern and slope: show lithology, fractures and structure and help in locating accessible, safe sites away from landslides and floods.
8. Hazard recognition: old landslides, active gullies and flood plains are identified from landforms so that unsafe sites are avoided.

Thus geomorphological mapping (with aerial photos) cuts the cost and time of exploration.