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Cascade of first-order sections for 12/(s²+8s+12)

Short answer

Cascade two inverting first-order low-pass sections. Section 1: R1=R2=500 kΩ, C=1 µF (pole at -2). Section 2: R1=R2=166.7 kΩ, C=1 µF (pole at -6). The product yields T(s)=12/(s²+8s+12).

Realize the following transfer function by cascading two first-order sections using inverting op-amp configuration. T(s) = 12/(s² + 8s + 12)

Factorize

T(s)=12s2+8s+12=12(s+2)(s+6)=(−2s+2)⏟T1(−6s+6)⏟T2T(s) = \frac{12}{s^2+8s+12} = \frac{12}{(s+2)(s+6)} = \underbrace{\left(\frac{-2}{s+2}\right)}_{T_1}\underbrace{\left(\frac{-6}{s+6}\right)}_{T_2}

Each factor is an inverting first-order low-pass section; the two minus signs cancel, giving the required positive sign. (Each section has dc gain −1-1, so the total dc gain is 12/12=112/12 = 1.)

First-order inverting section

            +---[ R2 ]---+
            +---| C |----+
            |            |
Vin--R1-----+--(-)       |
                  OA >---+--- Vo
           GND--(+)
T(s)=−ZfR1=−R2/(1+sR2C)R1=−1/(R1C)s+1/(R2C)T(s) = -\frac{Z_f}{R_1} = -\frac{R_2/(1+sR_2C)}{R_1} = -\frac{1/(R_1C)}{s + 1/(R_2C)}

Section 1: T1=−2s+2T_1 = -\dfrac{2}{s+2}

1/(R2C)=21/(R_2C) = 2 and 1/(R1C)=21/(R_1C) = 2. Normalized (C=1C = 1 F): R1=R2=0.5 ΩR_1 = R_2 = 0.5\ \Omega.

Section 2: T2=−6s+6T_2 = -\dfrac{6}{s+6}

1/(R2C)=61/(R_2C) = 6 and 1/(R1C)=61/(R_1C) = 6. Normalized (C=1C = 1 F): R1=R2=1/6=0.1667 ΩR_1 = R_2 = 1/6 = 0.1667\ \Omega.

Practical values

Impedance scale by km=106k_m = 10^6 (choose C=1 μC = 1\ \muF in both sections):

SectionR1R_1R2R_2CCPole
1500 kΩ\Omega500 kΩ\Omega1 μ\muFs=−2s = -2
2166.7 kΩ\Omega166.7 kΩ\Omega1 μ\muFs=−6s = -6

Cascade

Vin-->[ Section 1: -2/(s+2) ]-->[ Section 2: -6/(s+6) ]--> Vo

Op-amp outputs have very low output impedance, so the sections do not load each other and the overall transfer function is the product:

T(s)=−2s+2⋅−6s+6=12s2+8s+12T(s) = \frac{-2}{s+2}\cdot\frac{-6}{s+6} = \frac{12}{s^2+8s+12}

Answer: two inverting first-order sections in cascade: R1=R2=500R_1 = R_2 = 500 kΩ\Omega, C=1 μC = 1\ \muF (pole at 2 rad/s), and R1=R2=166.7R_1 = R_2 = 166.7 kΩ\Omega, C=1 μC = 1\ \muF (pole at 6 rad/s).

✓ Answer checked by Claude Sonnet 5.5

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