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Cascade of first-order sections for 12/(s²+8s+12)
Short answer
Cascade two inverting first-order low-pass sections. Section 1: R1=R2=500 kΩ, C=1 µF (pole at -2). Section 2: R1=R2=166.7 kΩ, C=1 µF (pole at -6). The product yields T(s)=12/(s²+8s+12).
Realize the following transfer function by cascading two first-order sections using inverting op-amp configuration. T(s) = 12/(s² + 8s + 12)
Factorize
Each factor is an inverting first-order low-pass section; the two minus signs cancel, giving the required positive sign. (Each section has dc gain , so the total dc gain is .)
First-order inverting section
+---[ R2 ]---+
+---| C |----+
| |
Vin--R1-----+--(-) |
OA >---+--- Vo
GND--(+)
Section 1:
and . Normalized ( F): .
Section 2:
and . Normalized ( F): .
Practical values
Impedance scale by (choose F in both sections):
| Section | Pole | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 500 k | 500 k | 1 F | |
| 2 | 166.7 k | 166.7 k | 1 F |
Cascade
Vin-->[ Section 1: -2/(s+2) ]-->[ Section 2: -6/(s+6) ]--> Vo
Op-amp outputs have very low output impedance, so the sections do not load each other and the overall transfer function is the product:
Answer: two inverting first-order sections in cascade: k, F (pole at 2 rad/s), and k, F (pole at 6 rad/s).
✓ Answer checked by Claude Sonnet 5.5
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