Inclined pile

An inclined (batter) pile is driven at an angle to the vertical, usually at a slope (batter) of 1 horizontal to 4 to 6 vertical (up to about 1 in 3).

   H --->  =========[ pile cap ]=========
             \          |          /
              \         |         /
               \        |        /
                \       |       /
            inclined  vertical  inclined
              pile     pile       pile

• The axial load $Q$ in a pile inclined at angle $\theta$ to the vertical has a horizontal component $Q\sin\theta$ that resists lateral loads, so the pile resists horizontal loads mainly by axial thrust (more efficient than bending of a vertical pile).
• Used where large lateral forces act, such as retaining walls, quay walls, bridge abutments, jetties, dams, and towers.
• They are installed in groups with vertical piles, or in opposing pairs.
• Limitations: higher cost and more difficult driving. Bending may arise when the ground settles around them (NSF/downdrag), and the capacity is reduced if the soil settles.