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Define MUF
Short answer
MUF is the highest frequency returned to earth by an ionospheric layer for a given angle of incidence (distance). f_MUF = fc sec θi = fc √(1+D²/4h²) (flat earth), where fc = 9√Nmax is the critical frequency. OWF ≈ 0.85 MUF.
Define MUF (maximum usable frequency).
The maximum usable frequency (MUF) is the highest frequency that is reflected (returned) to earth by an ionospheric layer for a given angle of incidence, that is, for a given distance between the transmitter and receiver. Above the MUF the wave passes through the layer and is lost.
f_MUF = fc sec θi = fc √(1 + D²/4h²) (flat earth)
where fc = 9√Nmax is the critical frequency, θi the angle of incidence, D the distance and h the virtual height. MUF is always greater than fc; for a single hop it can reach about 3–4 times fc. In practice the optimum working frequency OWF ≈ 0.85 MUF is used.
✓ Answer checked by Claude Opus 5.5 (high effort)
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