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- 2072 Chaitra · 5 marks
Direct form I and II, y(n)=−0.1y(n−1)+0.2y(n−2)+3x(n)…
Short answer
Assuming the equation is y(n) = −0.1y(n−1) + 0.2y(n−2) + 3x(n) + 3.6x(n−1) + 0.6x(n−2). DF-I needs 4 delays with coefficients 3, 3.6, 0.6 (feedforward) and −0.1, 0.2 (feedback). DF-II uses 2 delays via w[n] = x[n] −0.1w[n−1] +0.2w[n−2] and y[n]=3w[n]+3.6w[n−1]+0.6w[n−2].
Determine the Direct Form I and Direct Form II realization of the following system: y(n) = −0.1y(n−1) + 0.2y(n−2) + 3x(n) + 3.6x(n−2) + 0.6x(n−2).
The printed equation has x(n−2) twice. I read it as y(n) = −0.1y(n−1) + 0.2y(n−2) + 3x(n) + 3.6x(n−1) + 0.6x(n−2) (the second term should be x(n−1)). If it is taken literally, the two x(n−2) terms combine to 4.2x(n−2) and only b₁ = 0, b₂ = 4.2 change.
H(z) = (3 + 3.6z⁻¹ + 0.6z⁻²) / (1 + 0.1z⁻¹ − 0.2z⁻²)
Direct Form I
Separate delays for input and output (2 + 2 = 4 delays).
x[n] ─────►[×3]──────────┐
│z⁻¹ │
x[n-1] ─────►[×3.6]────────┤
│z⁻¹ ▼
x[n-2] ─────►[×0.6]─────►( Σ )────┬──► y[n]
▲ │
y[n-1] ─────►[×−0.1]───────┤ │
│z⁻¹ (y[n] is delayed to │
y[n-2] ─────►[×0.2]────────┘ │ give y[n-1], y[n-2])
In words: y[n] = 3x[n] + 3.6x[n−1] + 0.6x[n−2] + (−0.1)y[n−1] + (0.2)y[n−2], with x[n−1], x[n−2] from a two-delay line on the input and y[n−1], y[n−2] from a two-delay line on the output.
Direct Form II
Let w[n] = x[n] − 0.1w[n−1] + 0.2w[n−2], and y[n] = 3w[n] + 3.6w[n−1] + 0.6w[n−2].
x[n]──►(+)────────┬──────►[×3]────►(+)──┬──► y[n]
▲ w[n] ▼ z⁻¹ ▲ │
│ ├────────►[×3.6]──────┤
├─[×−0.1]─┤ │
│ ▼ z⁻¹ │
│ └────────►[×0.6]──────┘
└─[×0.2]──┘
(−0.1 and 0.2 are the feedback multipliers on w[n−1] and w[n−2]; 3, 3.6, 0.6 are the feed-forward multipliers.)
Direct Form II needs only 2 delays (canonic), against 4 for Direct Form I.
Answer: DF-I: 4 delays; DF-II: 2 delays; feedback −0.1, 0.2; feed-forward 3, 3.6, 0.6.
✓ Answer checked by Claude Opus 5.5 (high effort)
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