Short note: Focus group discussion

A focus group discussion (FGD) is a qualitative, participatory method of collecting information in which a small group of people with similar background or experience discuss a specific topic under the guidance of a trained facilitator (moderator). It is widely used in PRA and in community development and social research.

Features:

• Group size of about 6–12 participants, usually homogeneous (e.g. only women, only farmers, only youths) so that people speak freely.
• A facilitator guides the discussion using a checklist of open-ended questions; a note-taker records the discussion.
• Usually lasts 1–2 hours in a comfortable local place.
• Participants interact with each other, so opinions, beliefs and reasons come out, not just yes/no answers.

Steps: define the objective → select participants → prepare the guide questions → conduct the discussion (introduction, main questions, summary) → record → analyse and report.

Uses: identifying community needs and problems, getting feedback on a proposed project (e.g. a drinking water scheme or road alignment), evaluating a project, understanding attitudes about health and sanitation.

Advantages: quick and low-cost; gives in-depth views; involves people and builds ownership; useful for illiterate respondents.

Limitations: dominant persons may control the discussion; results cannot be generalised statistically; needs a skilled facilitator; sensitive issues may not be discussed openly.