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z-transform of (1-e^{-at}); final value

Short answer

X(z) = z(1 - e^{-aT}) / [(z-1)(z - e^{-aT})]. By the final value theorem, x(∞) = lim_{z→1} (z-1)X(z) = 1.

Obtain the z-transform of x(t) = (1 - e^{-at}), a > 0 and hence evaluate x(∞) by using final value theorem.

z-transform

Take sampling period T. x(kT) = 1 − e^(−akT).

Z[1] = z/(z − 1) (|z| > 1), Z[e^(−at)] = z/(z − e^(−aT)).

X(z) = z/(z − 1) − z/(z − e^(−aT)) = z [ (z − e^(−aT)) − (z − 1) ] / [ (z − 1)(z − e^(−aT)) ]

X(z) = z (1 − e^(−aT)) / [ (z − 1)(z − e^(−aT)) ]

Final value x(∞)

Final value theorem: x(∞) = lim (z → 1) (z − 1) X(z). Since a > 0, e^(−aT) < 1, so the only pole outside the open unit disc is at z = 1, which is cancelled by (z − 1); the theorem applies.

x(∞) = lim (z → 1) z (1 − e^(−aT)) / (z − e^(−aT)) = (1 − e^(−aT)) / (1 − e^(−aT)) = 1

Answer: x(∞) = 1

This agrees with the direct limit: 1 − e^(−at) → 1 as t → ∞.

✓ Answer checked by Claude Opus 5.5 (high effort)

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