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z-transform of cos kθ and aᵏ cos kθ

Short answer

Use scaling property Z[a^k x(k)]=X(z/a) on Z[cos kθ]=z(z-cosθ)/(z^2-2z cosθ+1) to obtain Z[a^k cos kθ]=z(z - a cosθ)/(z^2 - 2a z cosθ + a^2), |z|>|a|.

Show that the Z-transform of cos kθ is z(z - cosθ)/(z² - 2z cosθ + 1). Use this result to find the Z-transform of aᵏ cos kθ.

Z-transform of cos kθ

Use Euler's formula cos kθ = (e^{jkθ} + e^{−jkθ})/2 and Z[bᵏ] = z/(z − b), |z| > |b|.

Z[cos kθ] = ½ [ z/(z − e^{jθ}) + z/(z − e^{−jθ}) ]
          = ½ · z [ (z − e^{−jθ}) + (z − e^{jθ}) ]
                / [ (z − e^{jθ})(z − e^{−jθ}) ]
          = ½ · z [ 2z − 2 cos θ ] / [ z² − 2z cos θ + 1 ]

Z[cos kθ] = z (z − cos θ) / (z² − 2z cos θ + 1), |z| > 1. ✓

Z-transform of aᵏ cos kθ

Scaling (damping) property: if Z[x(k)] = X(z), then Z[aᵏ x(k)] = X(z/a).

Replace z by z/a:

Z[aᵏ cos kθ] = (z/a)(z/a − cos θ) / ( z²/a² − 2(z/a) cos θ + 1 )
             = (z/a)(z − a cos θ)/a  ·  a² / (z² − 2az cos θ + a²)

Answer: Z[aᵏ cos kθ] = z (z − a cos θ) / (z² − 2a z cos θ + a²), |z| > |a|.

✓ Answer checked by Claude Opus 5.5 (high effort)

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