Research article on noise pollution

Causes and Consequences of Noise Pollution in the Urban Settlements of Nepal

Sunita Karki, Institute of Engineering, Tribhuvan University

Abstract

Noise pollution is a growing but neglected problem in the urban areas of Nepal. This article explores its major causes and consequences, using observations and interviews in Kathmandu, Pokhara and Biratnagar. The study identifies traffic horns, construction, loudspeakers, generators and markets as the main sources. Noise levels were found to be well above the WHO guideline of 55 dB(A) for residential areas. The consequences include hearing loss, stress, sleep disturbance and poorer learning. The article suggests stricter laws, better planning and public awareness.

Keywords: noise pollution, urban Nepal, health, traffic, regulation

Introduction

Noise is unwanted sound that disturbs people or harms health. In Nepal, rapid and unplanned urbanisation has increased the number of vehicles, buildings and commercial activities in towns, and with them the level of noise. Though Nepal has rules to limit noise, enforcement is weak and public concern is low.

Methodology

The author visited 30 locations (roads, markets, schools and hospital areas) in three cities and measured noise with a smartphone sound-meter app (rough readings). She also interviewed 90 residents about their experiences.

Causes

1. Traffic: constant honking, old vehicles and pressure horns are the largest source.
2. Construction: machines, drills and concrete mixers operate in residential areas for many hours.
3. Loudspeakers and music: used at festivals, rallies, advertisements and wedding processions.
4. Industries and generators: small factories and diesel generators inside towns.
5. Commercial activities: hawkers, markets and shops using microphones.

Consequences

• Health: long exposure to noise above 85 dB(A) can damage hearing, and long exposure even at lower levels is linked to headache, high blood pressure and heart problems (WHO, 2018).
• Mental effects: stress, irritation, sleeplessness and anger were reported by 58 percent of the respondents.
• Education and work: noise lowers students' concentration and reduces the productivity of office workers.
• Patients: hospitals near main roads are disturbed, which slows patients' recovery.
• Social effects: quarrels between neighbours and a poorer quality of life.

Findings and conclusion

The measured levels on busy roads were 65-90 dB(A) during the day, far above the WHO guideline. Noise pollution has serious and widespread effects, but it gets little attention. To control it, the authorities should enforce noise limits, create silence zones near schools and hospitals, ban pressure horns, regulate construction hours, and plan cities with sound barriers and trees. Citizens should also avoid making unnecessary noise.

References

• World Health Organization. (2018). Environmental noise guidelines for the European Region. WHO Regional Office for Europe.

Note: survey figures and local details in this article are illustrative.