- 2079 Bhadra · 7 marks
4th order Butterworth LPF with two Sallen-Key biquads (1 kHz)
Short answer
Two unity-gain Sallen-Key biquads with equal resistors, C1=2Q, C2=1/(2Q) scaled to fc=1 kHz, C1=0.1 μF. Section 1 (Q=0.5412): R=1.723 kΩ, C1=0.1 μF, C2=85.36 nF. Section 2 (Q=1.3066): R=4.159 kΩ, C1=0.1 μF, C2=14.64 nF. DC gain 1.
Design a 4th order Butterworth LPF using cascaded two Sallen-key biquad having half power frequency of 1 kHz and largest capacitor of 0.1 μF.
Butterworth n = 4 (pole table): and , so
Sallen–Key biquad
+--------[C1]---------+
| |
Vi o--[R1]------+--[R2]--+----(+) |
| A ---+---o Vo
[C2] +-(-) |
| | |
GND +------+
Unity-gain Sallen–Key lowpass biquad ( from the middle node to the output, to ground):
Normalised equal-resistor design (, ): and , so
Scaling
rad/s. In each section the larger capacitor is made 0.1 μF: , , .
| Section | Q | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.5412 | 1.0824 F | 0.9239 F | 1.723 kΩ | 100 nF | 85.36 nF | |
| 1.3066 | 2.6131 F | 0.3827 F | 4.159 kΩ | 100 nF | 14.64 nF |
Vi -->[SK 1, Q=0.5412]-->[SK 2, Q=1.3066]--> Vo
R1=R2=1.723k R1=R2=4.159k
C1=0.1uF C1=0.1uF
C2=85.36nF C2=14.64nF
Both sections are unity-gain followers, so the DC gain is 1 and no gain compensation is needed. Half-power frequency 1 kHz.
Answer: section 1: = 1.723 kΩ, = 0.1 μF, = 85.36 nF; section 2: = 4.159 kΩ, = 0.1 μF, = 14.64 nF.
✓ Answer checked by Claude Sonnet 5.5
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