- 2078 Chaitra · 4 marks
Features introduced from 2G to 5G
Short answer
2G introduced digital voice, SMS, and security. 3G added mobile data, video calling, and wideband CDMA. 4G provided all-IP high-speed broadband (100 Mbps–1 Gbps) with OFDMA and MIMO, while 5G delivers up to 20 Gbps, 1 ms latency, massive MIMO, mmWave, and network slicing.
Discuss the features introduced from second to fifth generations of cellular communication system.
| Gen | Main features introduced |
|---|---|
| 2G | Digital voice, TDMA/CDMA, encryption, SIM, SMS, low-rate data (9.6–14.4 kbps) |
| 2.5G | GPRS/EDGE packet data (up to ~384 kbps), always-on internet, MMS |
| 3G | WCDMA 5 MHz, 384 kbps–2 Mbps, video calls, mobile internet, soft handoff, global roaming |
| 3.5G | HSPA/HSPA+, adaptive modulation, HARQ, up to tens of Mbps |
| 4G | OFDMA, MIMO, all-IP core, VoLTE, carrier aggregation, 100 Mbps–1 Gbps, ~10 ms latency |
| 5G | NR, mmWave, massive MIMO, beamforming, network slicing, 20 Gbps, ~1 ms latency, massive IoT |
2G
First digital systems (GSM, IS-95, IS-136). Digital speech coding and error control gave clearer voice and higher capacity than analog 1G; authentication and encryption added security; SIM cards and SMS were introduced; international roaming in GSM.
3G
IMT-2000 systems (UMTS/W-CDMA, CDMA2000). Wideband CDMA and packet core brought mobile internet, video telephony and multimedia; HSPA later raised speeds greatly.
4G
IMT-Advanced (LTE-A). Flat all-IP architecture, OFDMA and MIMO for high spectral efficiency; voice as VoIP; scalable bandwidth; HD video and broadband on the move.
5G
IMT-2020 (NR). Three service types: eMBB (very high data rates), URLLC (ultra-reliable, low latency), mMTC (massive IoT). Uses mmWave, massive MIMO, edge computing and network slicing.
✓ Answer checked by Claude Opus 5.5 (high effort)
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