- 2077 Chaitra · 1 mark
Methods for vertical stress increment
Short answer
Methods include Boussinesq’s and Westergaard’s equations, Newmark’s influence chart, Fadum’s chart, approximate 2:1 and 60° load spread methods, pressure bulb diagrams, and Osterberg’s chart for embankment loads.
Name different methods used to determine the increment in vertical stress at any point below the ground surface due to external load applied on the ground surface.
Methods used to find the increase in vertical stress below a loaded area:
- Boussinesq's equation (point load, and its integrals for line, strip, circular and rectangular loads)
- Westergaard's equation (for stratified soil)
- Newmark's influence chart (for irregular areas)
- Fadum's chart / influence factor charts (for rectangular areas)
- Approximate 2:1 (or 60°) load spread method
- Pressure bulb (isobar) diagrams, and Osterberg's chart for embankment (trapezoidal) loads.
✓ Answer checked by Claude Opus 5.5 (high effort)
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