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Band pass (10⁴ rad/s, 9.9×10⁴ rad/s) from given ladder

Short answer

Frequency transformation maps a normalized LP prototype to other filter types by substituting s. For BP, s→(s²+ω₀²)/(Bs). With ω₀=10⁴ rad/s, B=9.9×10⁴ rad/s: series arms become 20.44 µH in series with 489.13 µF; shunt arm becomes 10.04 µF ∥ 995.98 µH; terminations 1 Ω.

What is frequency transformation? Obtain the bandpass filter from lowpass filter given in figure 1 having center frequency 10⁴ rad/s and bandwidth of 9.9 × 10⁴ rad/s. [Figure 1: source V1, R1 = 1 Ω, series L1 = 2.024 H, shunt C1 = 0.994 F, series L2 = 2.024 H, load R2 = 1 Ω]

Frequency transformation

Frequency transformation is a change of the complex frequency variable that converts a normalized low-pass prototype filter (cutoff 1 rad/s) into a high-pass, band-pass or band-stop filter (or a low-pass with a different cutoff). The magnitude response of the prototype is mapped onto the new frequency axis, so the same attenuation values appear at the corresponding new frequencies. For band-pass: s→s2+ω02Bss \to \dfrac{s^2+\omega_0^2}{Bs}.

Band-pass filter from the given low-pass filter

Given: ω0=104\omega_0 = 10^4 rad/s (ω02=108\omega_0^2 = 10^8), B=9.9×104B = 9.9\times10^4 rad/s (values used as given; they correspond to band edges of about ω1≈1000\omega_1 \approx 1000 and ω2≈105\omega_2 \approx 10^5 rad/s, since ω1ω2=108\omega_1\omega_2 = 10^8 and ω2−ω1=9.9×104\omega_2 - \omega_1 = 9.9\times10^4).

Prototype (Figure 1): R1=1 ΩR_1 = 1\ \Omega, series L1=2.024L_1 = 2.024 H, shunt C1=0.994C_1 = 0.994 F, series L2=2.024L_2 = 2.024 H, R2=1 ΩR_2 = 1\ \Omega.

Element rules: series LL → series L/BL/B and B/(Lω02)B/(L\omega_0^2); shunt CC → parallel C/BC/B and B/(Cω02)B/(C\omega_0^2).

L1=2.024:L1′=2.0249.9×104=20.444 μH,C1′=9.9×1042.024×108=489.13 μFC1=0.994:C′=0.9949.9×104=10.040 μF,L′=9.9×1040.994×108=995.98 μHL2=2.024:L2′=20.444 μH,C2′=489.13 μF\begin{aligned} L_1 = 2.024:&\quad L_1' = \frac{2.024}{9.9\times10^4} = 20.444\ \mu\text{H},\quad C_1' = \frac{9.9\times10^4}{2.024\times10^8} = 489.13\ \mu\text{F} \\ C_1 = 0.994:&\quad C' = \frac{0.994}{9.9\times10^4} = 10.040\ \mu\text{F},\quad L' = \frac{9.9\times10^4}{0.994\times10^8} = 995.98\ \mu\text{H} \\ L_2 = 2.024:&\quad L_2' = 20.444\ \mu\text{H},\quad C_2' = 489.13\ \mu\text{F} \end{aligned}
  Rs=1   [ Z1 ]          [ Z3 ]
 o-/\/\--[    ]---+------[    ]---+-----o
 |                |               |     +
 Vs            [ Y2 ]           RL=1    Vo
 |                |               |     -
 o----------------+---------------+-----o
ArmBand-pass element
Z1 (series)20.444 μH in series with 489.13 μF
Y2 (shunt)10.040 μF ∥ 995.98 μH
Z3 (series)20.444 μH in series with 489.13 μF

Check: 1/20.444 μH×489.13 μF=1041/\sqrt{20.444\ \mu\text{H}\times489.13\ \mu\text{F}} = 10^4 rad/s. These values are for 1 Ω1\ \Omega terminations. For practical values, magnitude-scale by kmk_m (e.g. km=1000k_m = 1000 for 1 kΩ terminations): multiply every L by kmk_m and divide every C by kmk_m.

✓ Answer checked by Claude Sonnet 5.5

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