- 2073 Chaitra · 2+4 marks
Band pass (10⁴ rad/s, 9.9×10⁴ rad/s) from given ladder
Short answer
Frequency transformation maps a normalized LP prototype to other filter types by substituting s. For BP, s→(s²+ω₀²)/(Bs). With ω₀=10⁴ rad/s, B=9.9×10⁴ rad/s: series arms become 20.44 µH in series with 489.13 µF; shunt arm becomes 10.04 µF ∥ 995.98 µH; terminations 1 Ω.
What is frequency transformation? Obtain the bandpass filter from lowpass filter given in figure 1 having center frequency 10⁴ rad/s and bandwidth of 9.9 × 10⁴ rad/s. [Figure 1: source V1, R1 = 1 Ω, series L1 = 2.024 H, shunt C1 = 0.994 F, series L2 = 2.024 H, load R2 = 1 Ω]
Frequency transformation
Frequency transformation is a change of the complex frequency variable that converts a normalized low-pass prototype filter (cutoff 1 rad/s) into a high-pass, band-pass or band-stop filter (or a low-pass with a different cutoff). The magnitude response of the prototype is mapped onto the new frequency axis, so the same attenuation values appear at the corresponding new frequencies. For band-pass: .
Band-pass filter from the given low-pass filter
Given: rad/s (), rad/s (values used as given; they correspond to band edges of about and rad/s, since and ).
Prototype (Figure 1): , series H, shunt F, series H, .
Element rules: series → series and ; shunt → parallel and .
Rs=1 [ Z1 ] [ Z3 ]
o-/\/\--[ ]---+------[ ]---+-----o
| | | +
Vs [ Y2 ] RL=1 Vo
| | | -
o----------------+---------------+-----o
| Arm | Band-pass element |
|---|---|
| Z1 (series) | 20.444 μH in series with 489.13 μF |
| Y2 (shunt) | 10.040 μF ∥ 995.98 μH |
| Z3 (series) | 20.444 μH in series with 489.13 μF |
Check: rad/s. These values are for terminations. For practical values, magnitude-scale by (e.g. for 1 kΩ terminations): multiply every L by and divide every C by .
✓ Answer checked by Claude Sonnet 5.5
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