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Tow-Thomas LPF, poles -10000 ± j17320.51

Short answer

From poles –10000 ± j17320.51, ω0 = 20000 rad/s, Q = 1. With C = 0.001 µF, R2 = R3 = 50 kΩ, R1 = 50 kΩ, R4 = 20 kΩ, r = 10 kΩ; output at V2 for gain 2.5.

Design a second order low pass filter with poles at -10000 ± j17320.51 and Dc Gain of 2.5 using a Tow Thomas Biquad Circuit. Your final circuit should have capacitors of value 0.001uF.

The Tow-Thomas biquad realizes T(s)=Kω02s2+(ω0/Q)s+ω02T(s) = \dfrac{K\omega_0^2}{s^2 + (\omega_0/Q)s + \omega_0^2} with three op-amps (lossy integrator, integrator, inverter).

            R1 (sets Q)
          +--/\/\--+
          |   C1   |
          +---||---+
          |        |
Vin--R4---+--[OA1]-+--> V1 (band-pass)
          ^
          |  V1--R3-->[OA2 integrator, C2]--> V2 (LP)
          |  V2--r--->[OA3 inverter, r/r]---> V3=-V2
          |                                    |
          +------------------R2----------------+

All op-amp (+) inputs are grounded. OA1 is a lossy integrator (R1∥C1R_1 \parallel C_1 in feedback), OA2 an ideal integrator (C2C_2 in feedback), OA3 a unity-gain inverter.

Low-pass transfer function (output V2V_2):

V2Vin=1R3R4C1C2s2+sR1C1+1R2R3C1C2,ω0=1R2R3C1C2, ω0Q=1R1C1, K=R2R4\frac{V_2}{V_{in}} = \frac{\dfrac{1}{R_3R_4C_1C_2}}{s^2 + \dfrac{s}{R_1C_1} + \dfrac{1}{R_2R_3C_1C_2}}, \quad \omega_0 = \frac{1}{\sqrt{R_2R_3C_1C_2}},\ \frac{\omega_0}{Q} = \frac{1}{R_1C_1},\ K = \frac{R_2}{R_4}

Design

Step 1: ω0\omega_0 and QQ from the poles. Poles s=−σ±jωds = -\sigma \pm j\omega_d with σ=10000\sigma = 10000, ωd=17320.51\omega_d = 17320.51:

ω02=σ2+ωd2=100002+17320.512=400,000,067≈4×108  ⇒  ω0≈20,000 rad/sω0Q=2σ  ⇒  Q=ω02σ=2000020000=1\begin{aligned} \omega_0^2 &= \sigma^2 + \omega_d^2 = 10000^2 + 17320.51^2 = 400{,}000{,}067 \approx 4\times10^8 \;\Rightarrow\; \omega_0 \approx 20{,}000\ \text{rad/s} \\ \frac{\omega_0}{Q} &= 2\sigma \;\Rightarrow\; Q = \frac{\omega_0}{2\sigma} = \frac{20000}{20000} = 1 \end{aligned}

Required transfer function (dc gain K=2.5K = 2.5):

T(s)=2.5 ω02s2+2σs+ω02=2.5×4×108s2+20000 s+4×108T(s) = \frac{2.5\,\omega_0^2}{s^2 + 2\sigma s + \omega_0^2} = \frac{2.5 \times 4\times10^{8}}{s^2 + 20000\,s + 4\times10^{8}}

Design equations (choose C1=C2=CC_1 = C_2 = C, R2=R3=RR_2 = R_3 = R):

R=1ω0C,R1=QR=Qω0C,R4=R2K,r=any convenient valueR = \frac{1}{\omega_0 C}, \qquad R_1 = QR = \frac{Q}{\omega_0 C}, \qquad R_4 = \frac{R_2}{K}, \qquad r = \text{any convenient value}

Step 2: Element values. Given C1=C2=C=0.001 μC_1 = C_2 = C = 0.001\ \muF.

R2=R3=R=1ω0C=120,000×0.001×10−6=50 kΩR1=QR=1×50 kΩ=50 kΩR4=R2K=50 kΩ2.5=20 kΩr=10 kΩ (inverter, equal resistors)\begin{aligned} R_2 = R_3 = R &= \frac{1}{\omega_0 C} = \frac{1}{20{,}000 \times 0.001\times10^{-6}} = 50\ \text{k}\Omega \\ R_1 &= QR = 1 \times 50\ \text{k}\Omega = 50\ \text{k}\Omega \\ R_4 &= \frac{R_2}{K} = \frac{50\ \text{k}\Omega}{2.5} = 20\ \text{k}\Omega \\ r &= 10\ \text{k}\Omega \ \text{(inverter, equal resistors)} \end{aligned}

Final circuit: Tow-Thomas biquad (figure above) with C1=C2=0.001 μFC_1 = C_2 = 0.001\ \mu\text{F}, R1=50 kΩR_1 = 50\ \text{k}\Omega, R2=R3=50 kΩR_2 = R_3 = 50\ \text{k}\Omega, R4=20 kΩR_4 = 20\ \text{k}\Omega, r=10 kΩr = 10\ \text{k}\Omega; take the output at V2V_2 (OA2 output) for a positive dc gain of 2.5.

Answer: C=0.001 μFC = 0.001\ \mu\text{F}, R1=50 kΩR_1 = 50\ \text{k}\Omega, R2=R3=50 kΩR_2 = R_3 = 50\ \text{k}\Omega, R4=20 kΩR_4 = 20\ \text{k}\Omega, r=10 kΩr = 10\ \text{k}\Omega (all practical values).

✓ Answer checked by Claude Sonnet 5.5

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