- 2079 Chaitra · 6+2 marks
Line coding 1101010111; communication impairments
Short answer
Unipolar RZ: +V half-bit for 1. Bipolar NRZ: 1 alternates +/-V full width, 0=0. Polar NRZ: 1=+V, 0=-V full width. Manchester: 1=+V/-V, 0=-V/+V. Impairments: attenuation (signal loss), distortion (pulse spreading causing ISI), and noise (thermal, crosstalk, impulse).
Given the binary sequence 1101010111 represent in Unipolar RZ, Bipolar NRZ, Polar NRZ and Manchester encoders. Explain communication impairments with examples.
Line codes for 1101010111
Bit period , levels . Bipolar NRZ is drawn as full-width pulses whose polarity alternates for each 1. Manchester uses 1 = +V then −V, and 0 = −V then +V.
Unipolar RZ
1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
+V ──| |─| |─| |─| |─| |─| |─|
0 |─| |─────| |─────| |─────| |─| |─| |─
Bipolar NRZ (1s alternate +V/−V, 0 = 0)
1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
+V ────| |───| |───| |───
0 | |───| |───| |───| | |
-V |───| |───| |───|
Polar NRZ
1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
+V ────────| |───| |───| |───────────
-V |───| |───| |───|
Manchester
1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
+V ──| |─| |───| |───| |───| |─| |─|
-V |─| |───| |───| |───| |─| |─| |─
Communication impairments
Impairments are the effects of the channel that make the received signal differ from the transmitted one.
- Attenuation: the signal loses energy with distance. Example: a voice signal on a long copper line becomes weak, so repeaters or amplifiers are needed.
- Distortion: different frequency components are attenuated or delayed by different amounts, so the pulse shape changes. Example: pulses spread on a band-limited telephone line and cause ISI.
- Noise: unwanted random signals add to the signal. Examples are thermal noise in receivers, crosstalk between adjacent pairs in a cable, and impulse noise from lightning or switching.
✓ Answer checked by Claude Opus 5.5 (high effort)
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