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Encode 1010011001 with five line codes

Short answer

NRZ-L: 1=+V, 0=-V. NRZ-I: toggles on 1, unchanged on 0. RZ: polar, pulse returns to zero mid-bit; 1=+V half, 0=-V half. Manchester: 1 low-to-high mid, 0 high-to-low. AMI: 0=0V, 1s alternate +V and -V starting +V.

Encode the bit stream 1010011001 using NRZ-L, NRZ-I, RZ, Manchester, Bipolar AMI encoding technique.

Bit stream: 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1

Conventions used (state these in the exam, as books differ): level before the first bit is low (-V); NRZ-L/RZ: 1 = +V, 0 = -V (unipolar: 0 = 0 V); NRZ-I: a 1 toggles the level at the start of the bit, a 0 keeps it; RZ: the pulse returns to zero in the middle of the bit; Manchester: 1 = low-to-high and 0 = high-to-low transition at mid-bit; differential Manchester: always a mid-bit transition, an extra transition at the start of the bit for a 0 and none for a 1; AMI: 0 = 0 V, 1s alternate +V and -V starting with +V.

NRZ-L

      1   0   1   0   0   1   1   0   0   1  
+V   ----|   |---|       |-------|       |---
 0       |   |   |       |       |       |   
-V       |---|   |-------|       |-------|

NRZ-I

      1   0   1   0   0   1   1   0   0   1  
+V   --------|           |---|           |---
 0           |           |   |           |   
-V           |-----------|   |-----------|

RZ

      1   0   1   0   0   1   1   0   0   1  
+V   --|     |-|         |-| |-|         |-| 
 0     |-| |-| |-| |-| |-| |-| |-| |-| |-| |-
-V       |-|     |-| |-|         |-| |-|

Manchester

      1   0   1   0   0   1   1   0   0   1  
+V     |---|   |---| |-|   |-| |---| |-|   |-
 0     |   |   |   | | |   | | |   | | |   | 
-V   --|   |---|   |-| |---| |-|   |-| |---|

AMI

      1   0   1   0   0   1   1   0   0   1  
+V   ----|               |---|           |---
 0       |---|   |-------|   |   |-------|   
-V           |---|           |---|

AMI pulses: + 0 - 0 0 + - 0 0 +.

✓ Answer checked by Claude Sonnet 5.5

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