- 2071 Shrawan · 4 marks
Encode 10101111000011 with NRZ, RZ, AMI, Manchester
Short answer
NRZ (polar): 1=+V, 0=-V. RZ: 1=+V half-bit, 0=-V half-bit returning to zero. Manchester: 1=low-to-high mid-bit transition, 0=high-to-low. AMI: 0=0V, 1s alternate ±V: +0-0+-+-0000+-.
Encode the bitstream 10101111000011 using NRZ, RZ, AMI and Manchester coding.
Bit stream: 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 (14 bits, drawn in two rows). NRZ is drawn as polar NRZ-L and RZ as polar RZ.
Conventions used (state these in the exam, as books differ): level before the first bit is low (-V); NRZ-L/RZ: 1 = +V, 0 = -V (unipolar: 0 = 0 V); NRZ-I: a 1 toggles the level at the start of the bit, a 0 keeps it; RZ: the pulse returns to zero in the middle of the bit; Manchester: 1 = low-to-high and 0 = high-to-low transition at mid-bit; differential Manchester: always a mid-bit transition, an extra transition at the start of the bit for a 0 and none for a 1; AMI: 0 = 0 V, 1s alternate +V and -V starting with +V.
NRZ-L
1 0 1 0 1 1 1
+V ----| |---| |-----------
0 | | | |
-V |---| |---|
1 0 0 0 0 1 1
+V ----| |-------
0 | |
-V |---------------|
RZ
1 0 1 0 1 1 1
+V --| |-| |-| |-| |-|
0 |-| |-| |-| |-| |-| |-| |-
-V |-| |-|
1 0 0 0 0 1 1
+V |-| |-| |-|
0 | |-| |-| |-| |-| |-| |-| |-
-V |-| |-| |-| |-|
AMI
1 0 1 0 1 1 1
+V ----| |---| |---
0 |---| |---| | |
-V |---| |---|
1 0 0 0 0 1 1
+V | |---|
0 | |---------------| |
-V |---| |---
Manchester
1 0 1 0 1 1 1
+V |---| |---| |-| |-| |-
0 | | | | | | | | |
-V --| |---| |---| |-| |-|
1 0 0 0 0 1 1
+V | |---| |-| |-| |-| |-| |-
0 | | | | | | | | | | | |
-V |-| |-| |-| |-| |---| |-|
(For unipolar NRZ, draw the 0s at 0 V instead of -V.) AMI pulses: + 0 - 0 + - + - 0 0 0 0 + -.
✓ Answer checked by Claude Sonnet 5.5
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