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Encode 1101001 with polar NRZ, AMI, Manchester

Short answer

Polar NRZ-L: +V +V –V +V –V –V +V. Bipolar AMI: +V –V 0 +V 0 0 –V (alternating polarity on 1s, first 1 +V). Manchester: L→H L→H H→L L→H H→L H→L L→H (mid-bit transition, 1 low-to-high, 0 high-to-low).

Encode the following bit stream using polar NRZ, Bipolar AMI and Manchester encoding techniques 1101001.

Bit stream: 1 1 0 1 0 0 1

Conventions used:

  • Polar NRZ-L: 1 = +V, 0 = −V for the whole bit time.
  • Bipolar AMI: 0 = zero level; 1s alternate between +V and −V (first 1 is +V).
  • Manchester: transition in the middle of every bit; 1 = low-to-high, 0 = high-to-low.
NRZ-L
   1     1     0     1     0     0     1     
+V ────────────┐     ┌─────┐           ┌─────
0              │     │     │           │     
-V             └─────┘     └───────────┘     

AMI
   1     1     0     1     0     0     1     
+V ──────┐           ┌─────┐                 
0        │     ┌─────┘     └───────────┐     
-V       └─────┘                       └─────

Manchester
   1     1     0     1     0     0     1     
+V    ┌──┐  ┌─────┐     ┌─────┐  ┌──┐     ┌──
0     │  │  │     │     │     │  │  │     │  
-V ───┘  └──┘     └─────┘     └──┘  └─────┘

Reading the waveforms:

  • NRZ-L: +V, +V, −V, +V, −V, −V, +V.
  • AMI: +V, −V, 0, +V, 0, 0, −V (the four 1s alternate +, −, +, −).
  • Manchester: bits give L→H, L→H, H→L, L→H, H→L, H→L, L→H.

✓ Answer checked by Claude Sonnet 5.5

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