In NRZ-I as used in this answer, what does each bit do to the signal level?

A 1 toggles the level at the start of the bit; a 0 keeps the level

A 0 toggles the level; a 1 keeps the level

A 1 is +V and a 0 is -V for the whole bit

Both 1 and 0 cause a transition in the middle of the bit

What distinguishes the RZ waveform from NRZ-L?

RZ uses three voltage levels with alternating 1s

RZ has a transition in the middle of every bit in a fixed direction

RZ changes level only when the bit is 1

2072 Kartik · 10 marks

Waveforms for 111100011100110

Short answer

RZ: polar, pulse returns to zero mid-bit; 1=+V half, 0=-V half. NRZ-L: 1=+V, 0=-V. NRZ-I: toggle at start of 1, no change for 0. AMI: 0=0V, 1s alternate +V and -V starting +V.

Design (a) RZ (b) NRZ-L (c) NRZ-I (d) AMI waveforms for the data sequence 111100011100110.

Bit stream: 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 (15 bits, drawn in two rows)

Conventions used (state these in the exam, as books differ): level before the first bit is low (-V); NRZ-L/RZ: 1 = +V, 0 = -V (unipolar: 0 = 0 V); NRZ-I: a 1 toggles the level at the start of the bit, a 0 keeps it; RZ: the pulse returns to zero in the middle of the bit; Manchester: 1 = low-to-high and 0 = high-to-low transition at mid-bit; differential Manchester: always a mid-bit transition, an extra transition at the start of the bit for a 0 and none for a 1; AMI: 0 = 0 V, 1s alternate +V and -V starting with +V.

RZ

      1   1   1   1   0   0   0   1  
+V   --| |-| |-| |-|             |-| 
 0     |-| |-| |-| |-| |-| |-| |-| |-
-V                   |-| |-| |-|     

      1   1   0   0   1   1   0  
+V   |-| |-|         |-| |-|     
 0   | |-| |-| |-| |-| |-| |-| |-
-V           |-| |-|         |-|

NRZ-L

      1   1   1   1   0   0   0   1  
+V   ----------------|           |---
 0                   |           |   
-V                   |-----------|   

      1   1   0   0   1   1   0  
+V   --------|       |-------|   
 0           |       |       |   
-V           |-------|       |---

NRZ-I

      1   1   1   1   0   0   0   1  
+V   ----|   |---|               |---
 0       |   |   |               |   
-V       |---|   |---------------|   

      1   1   0   0   1   1   0  
+V   |   |-----------|   |-------
 0   |   |           |   |       
-V   |---|           |---|

AMI

      1   1   1   1   0   0   0   1  
+V   ----|   |---|               |---
 0       |   |   |   |-----------|   
-V       |---|   |---|               

      1   1   0   0   1   1   0  
+V   |   |---|           |---|   
 0   |   |   |-------|   |   |---
-V   |---|           |---|

AMI pulses: + - + - 0 0 0 + - + 0 0 - + 0.

✓ Answer checked by Claude Sonnet 5.5

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Waveforms for 111100011100110

RZ

NRZ-L

NRZ-I

AMI

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