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SC filter: 6 dB peak at 400 rad/s

Short answer

Transfer function T(s) = (s+200)(s+800)/(s+400)^2. Two cascaded inverting stages with C1=C2=100 pF: stage1 zero at 200 rad/s (CR1=1 pF), pole at 400 rad/s (CR2=2 pF); stage2 zero at 800 rad/s (CR1=4 pF), pole at 400 rad/s (CR2=2 pF). Clock fc=20 kHz.

Design a switched capacitor filter having following characteristics. [Figure: |T(jω)| vs ω rad/s: 0 dB up to 200, rising to a 6 dB peak at 400, falling back to 0 dB at 800]

Reading the plot. The response rises from 0 dB at 200 to 6 dB at 400 (one octave, i.e. 20 dB/decade): a zero at 200. At 400 the slope changes from +20 to −20 dB/decade, a change of −40 dB/decade, so a double pole at 400. It reaches 0 dB at 800 and stays flat: a zero at 800.

T(s)=(1+s/200)(1+s/800)(1+s/400)2=4002200×800⋅(s+200)(s+800)(s+400)2=(s+200)(s+800)(s+400)2\begin{aligned} T(s) &= \frac{(1 + s/200)(1 + s/800)}{(1 + s/400)^2} = \frac{400^2}{200 \times 800}\cdot\frac{(s+200)(s+800)}{(s+400)^2} \\ &= \frac{(s+200)(s+800)}{(s+400)^2} \end{aligned}

(gain constant =160000/160000=1= 160000/160000 = 1.)

Building block (first-order SC section). An inverting op-amp stage with input admittance Y1=sC1+1/R1Y_1 = sC_1 + 1/R_1 and feedback admittance Y2=sC2+1/R2Y_2 = sC_2 + 1/R_2 gives

T(s)=−Y1Y2=−sC1+1/R1sC2+1/R2=−C1C2⋅s+1R1C1s+1R2C2\begin{aligned} T(s) &= -\frac{Y_1}{Y_2} = -\frac{sC_1 + 1/R_1}{sC_2 + 1/R_2} = -\frac{C_1}{C_2}\cdot\frac{s + \frac{1}{R_1C_1}}{s + \frac{1}{R_2C_2}} \end{aligned}

Each resistor is replaced by a switched capacitor clocked at fcf_c (two-phase, non-overlapping clock), for which R=1fcCRR = \frac{1}{f_c C_R}. Then

T(s)=−sC1+fcCR1sC2+fcCR2,ωz=fcCR1C1,ωp=fcCR2C2T(s) = -\frac{sC_1 + f_cC_{R1}}{sC_2 + f_cC_{R2}}, \qquad \omega_z = \frac{f_cC_{R1}}{C_1}, \quad \omega_p = \frac{f_cC_{R2}}{C_2}

With C1=C2=CC_1 = C_2 = C the high-frequency gain is 1 and CR1=C ωzfcC_{R1} = \frac{C\,\omega_z}{f_c}, CR2=C ωpfcC_{R2} = \frac{C\,\omega_p}{f_c}. Two inverting stages in cascade give a positive overall gain.

Splitting into two first-order sections:

T(s)=s+200s+400⏟T1(s)×s+800s+400⏟T2(s)T(s) = \underbrace{\frac{s+200}{s+400}}_{T_1(s)} \times \underbrace{\frac{s+800}{s+400}}_{T_2(s)}

Choice of clock and capacitors. Highest break is 800 rad/s (≈127\approx 127 Hz); take fc=20f_c = 20 kHz. Take C1=C2=C=100C_1 = C_2 = C = 100 pF in both stages. With CR=Cω/fcC_R = C\omega/f_c:

Stage 1: CR1=100 pF×2002×104=1 pF,CR2=100 pF×4002×104=2 pFStage 2: CR1=100 pF×8002×104=4 pF,CR2=100 pF×4002×104=2 pF\begin{aligned} \text{Stage 1: } C_{R1} &= \frac{100\text{ pF}\times 200}{2\times 10^4} = 1\text{ pF}, & C_{R2} &= \frac{100\text{ pF}\times 400}{2\times 10^4} = 2\text{ pF} \\ \text{Stage 2: } C_{R1} &= \frac{100\text{ pF}\times 800}{2\times 10^4} = 4\text{ pF}, & C_{R2} &= \frac{100\text{ pF}\times 400}{2\times 10^4} = 2\text{ pF} \end{aligned}
StageTi(s)T_i(s)C1=C2C_1 = C_2CR1C_{R1} (zero)CR2C_{R2} (pole)
1s+200s+400\frac{s+200}{s+400}100 pF1 pF2 pF
2s+800s+400\frac{s+800}{s+400}100 pF4 pF2 pF

Final circuit (two identical-form stages in cascade; each SC resistor is the toggle-switch circuit shown):

                    C2
            +-------||------+
            |               |
            +---[CR2-SC]----+
            |               |
       C1   |   |\          |
 Vi -+--||--+---|-\         |
     |      |   |  >--------+---> Vo
     +[CR1]-+ +-|+/
      (SC)    | |/
             GND
       phi1          phi2
 V1 ----o/o----+----o/o---- V2
               |
              ===  CR
               |
              GND

Clock: fc=20f_c = 20 kHz, two-phase non-overlapping. Equivalent resistors: 50 MΩ, 25 MΩ (stage 1) and 12.5 MΩ, 25 MΩ (stage 2).

Answer: T(s)=(s+200)(s+800)(s+400)2T(s) = \frac{(s+200)(s+800)}{(s+400)^2}, two cascaded SC sections, C=100C = 100 pF, switched capacitors 1 & 2 pF and 4 & 2 pF, fc=20f_c = 20 kHz. The design follows the asymptotes; the actual peak at ω=400\omega = 400 is 1.94 dB.

✓ Answer checked by Claude Sonnet 5.5

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