- 2070 Bhadra · 10 marks
Primary and secondary energy (102 m head)
Short answer
Primary energy 119.9 GWh/yr from minimum flow 18 m³/s. Secondary energy 139.3 GWh/yr, total 259.3 GWh/yr. Installed capacity 41.8 MW at design discharge 55 m³/s. Calculated using power per unit discharge (760.47 kW per m³/s), monthly flows capped at 55 m³/s, 730 hours per month.
Estimate primary and secondary energy from the data given below. Net head available = 102 m, Discharge capacity = 55 m³/s, Overall efficiency = 76%.
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Flow (m³/s) | 30 | 28 | 24 | 29 | 18 | 37 | 65 | 90 | 74 | 56 | 42 | 39 |
Primary energy is generated by the flow available 100% of the time (minimum flow). Secondary energy is the additional energy from flows above the minimum, limited by the plant (design) discharge of 55 m³/s.
Power per unit discharge
Installed capacity kW ≈ 41.8 MW.
Primary energy
Minimum flow = 18 m³/s (May).
Monthly energy (flow used ≤ 55 m³/s, 730 h per month)
| Month | Q (m³/s) | Q used | Power (kW) | Energy (GWh) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 30 | 30 | 22,814 | 16.65 |
| Feb | 28 | 28 | 21,293 | 15.54 |
| Mar | 24 | 24 | 18,251 | 13.32 |
| Apr | 29 | 29 | 22,054 | 16.10 |
| May | 18 | 18 | 13,688 | 9.99 |
| Jun | 37 | 37 | 28,137 | 20.54 |
| Jul | 65 | 55 | 41,826 | 30.53 |
| Aug | 90 | 55 | 41,826 | 30.53 |
| Sep | 74 | 55 | 41,826 | 30.53 |
| Oct | 56 | 55 | 41,826 | 30.53 |
| Nov | 42 | 42 | 31,940 | 23.32 |
| Dec | 39 | 39 | 29,658 | 21.65 |
| Total | 467 | 259.25 |
Answer: Primary energy ≈ 119.9 GWh/yr; secondary energy ≈ 139.3 GWh/yr; total ≈ 259.3 GWh/yr.
✓ Answer checked by Claude Opus 5.5 (high effort)
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